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Quantum optics (QO) is a field of research that uses semi-classical and quantum-mechanical physics to investigate phenomena involvinglight and its interactions with matter at submicroscopic levels. In other words it is quantum mechanics applied to photons or light.^[1]

1. Quantum Optics Scully Pdf
2. Fox Quantum Optics Pdf

History[edit]

Quantum optics is primarily an area of physics which uses a combination of semi-classical physics and quantum mechanics principles to investigate and manipulate how photons of light interact with. Introductory Quantum Optics This book provides an elementary introduction to the subject of quantum optics, the study of the quantum-mechanical nature of light and its interaction with matter. The presentation is almost entirely concerned with the quantized electromag-netic field. Topics covered include single-mode field quantization in a cavity. Coherent matter waves in the form of Bose-Einstein condensates have led to the development of nonlinear and quantum atom optics - the de Broglie wave analogues of nonlinear and quantum optics with.

Quantum Optics Scully Pdf

Light propagating in a vacuum has its energy and momentum quantized according to an integer number of particles known as photons. Quantum optics studies the nature and effects of light as quantized photons. The first major development leading to that understanding was the correct modeling of the blackbody radiation spectrum by Max Planck in 1899 under the hypothesis of light being emitted in discrete units of energy. The photoelectric effect was further evidence of this quantization as explained by Einstein in a 1905 paper, a discovery for which he was to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Niels Bohr showed that the hypothesis of optical radiation being quantized corresponded to his theory of the quantized energy levels of atoms, and the spectrum of discharge emission from hydrogen in particular. The understanding of the interaction between light and matter following these developments was crucial for the development of quantum mechanics as a whole. However, the subfields of quantum mechanics dealing with matter-light interaction were principally regarded as research into matter rather than into light; hence one rather spoke of atom physics and quantum electronics in 1960. Laser science—i.e., research into principles, design and application of these devices—became an important field, and the quantum mechanics underlying the laser's principles was studied now with more emphasis on the properties of light^[dubious], and the name quantum optics became customary.

Coherent matter waves in the form of Bose-Einstein condensates have led to the development of nonlinear and quantum atom optics - the de Broglie wave analogues of nonlinear and quantum optics. The title quantum optics covers a large range of possible courses, and so this introduction intends to explain what this course does and does not aim to provide. Regarding the negatives, there are several things this course deliberately avoids: It is not a course on quantum. Concepts of Quantum Optics is a coherent and sequential coverage of some real insight into quantum physics. This book is divided into six chapters, and begins with an overview of the principles and concepts of radiation and quanta, with an emphasis on the significance of the Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light.

As laser science needed good theoretical foundations, and also because research into these soon proved very fruitful, interest in quantum optics rose. Following the work of Dirac in quantum field theory, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic field in the 1950s and 1960s to gain a more detailed understanding of photodetection and the statistics of light (see degree of coherence). This led to the introduction of the coherent state as a concept which addressed variations between laser light, thermal light, exotic squeezed states, etc. as it became understood that light cannot be fully described just referring to the electromagnetic fields describing the waves in the classical picture. In 1977, Kimble et al. demonstrated a single atom emitting one photon at a time, further compelling evidence that light consists of photons. Previously unknown quantum states of light with characteristics unlike classical states, such as squeezed light were subsequently discovered.

Development of short and ultrashort laser pulses—created by Q switching and modelocking techniques—opened the way to the study of what became known as ultrafast processes. Applications for solid state research (e.g. Raman spectroscopy) were found, and mechanical forces of light on matter were studied. The latter led to levitating and positioning clouds of atoms or even small biological samples in an optical trap or optical tweezers by laser beam. This, along with Doppler cooling, was the crucial technology needed to achieve the celebrated Bose–Einstein condensation.

Other remarkable results are the demonstration of quantum entanglement, quantum teleportation, and quantum logic gates. The latter are of much interest in quantum information theory, a subject which partly emerged from quantum optics, partly from theoretical computer science.^[2]

Today's fields of interest among quantum optics researchers include parametric down-conversion, parametric oscillation, even shorter (attosecond) light pulses, use of quantum optics for quantum information, manipulation of single atoms, Bose–Einstein condensates, their application, and how to manipulate them (a sub-field often called atom optics), coherent perfect absorbers, and much more. Topics classified under the term of quantum optics, especially as applied to engineering and technological innovation, often go under the modern term photonics.

Several Nobel prizes have been awarded for work in quantum optics. These were awarded:

• in 2012, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland 'for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring & manipulation of individual quantum systems'.^[3]
• in 2005, Theodor W. Hänsch, Roy J. Glauber and John L. Hall^[4]
• in 2001, Wolfgang Ketterle, Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman^[5]
• in 1997, Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips^[6]

Concepts[edit]

According to quantum theory, light may be considered not only to be as an electro-magnetic wave but also as a 'stream' of particles called photons which travel with c, the vacuum speed of light. These particles should not be considered to be classical billiard balls, but as quantum mechanical particles described by a wavefunction spread over a finite region.

Each particle carries one quantum of energy, equal to hf, where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the light. That energy possessed by a single photon corresponds exactly to the transition between discrete energy levels in an atom (or other system) that emitted the photon; material absorption of a photon is the reverse process. Einstein's explanation of spontaneous emission also predicted the existence of stimulated emission, the principle upon which the laser rests. However, the actual invention of the maser (and laser) many years later was dependent on a method to produce a population inversion.

The use of statistical mechanics is fundamental to the concepts of quantum optics: Light is described in terms of field operators for creation and annihilation of photons—i.e. in the language of quantum electrodynamics.

A frequently encountered state of the light field is the coherent state, as introduced by E.C. George Sudarshan in 1960. This state, which can be used to approximately describe the output of a single-frequency laser well above the laser threshold, exhibits Poissonian photon number statistics. Via certain nonlinear interactions, a coherent state can be transformed into a squeezed coherent state, by applying a squeezing operator which can exhibit super- or sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Such light is called squeezed light. Other important quantum aspects are related to correlations of photon statistics between different beams. For example, spontaneous parametric down-conversion can generate so-called 'twin beams', where (ideally) each photon of one beam is associated with a photon in the other beam.

Atoms are considered as quantum mechanical oscillators with a discreteenergy spectrum, with the transitions between the energy eigenstates being driven by the absorption or emission of light according to Einstein's theory.

For solid state matter, one uses the energy band models of solid state physics. This is important for understanding how light is detected by solid-state devices, commonly used in experiments.

Quantum electronics[edit]

Quantum electronics is a term that was used mainly between the 1950s and 1970s to denote the area of physics dealing with the effects of quantum mechanics on the behavior of electrons in matter, together with their interactions with photons. Today, it is rarely considered a sub-field in its own right, and it has been absorbed by other fields. Solid state physics regularly takes quantum mechanics into account, and is usually concerned with electrons. Specific applications of quantum mechanics in electronics is researched within semiconductor physics. The term also encompassed the basic processes of laser operation, which is today studied as a topic in quantum optics. Usage of the term overlapped early work on the quantum Hall effect and quantum cellular automata.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Gerry & Knight 2004, p. 1.
2. ^Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2010). Quantum computation and quantum information (10th anniversary ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1107002173.
3. ^'The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012'. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
4. ^'The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005'. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
5. ^'The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001'. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
6. ^'The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997'. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2015-10-14.

References[edit]

• Gerry, Christopher; Knight, Peter (2004). Introduction to Quantum Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN052152735X.

Further reading[edit]

• L. Mandel, E. WolfOptical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge 1995)
• D. F. Walls and G. J. MilburnQuantum Optics (Springer 1994)
• Crispin Gardiner and Peter Zoller, Quantum Noise, (Springer 2004).
• H.M. Moya-Cessa and F. Soto-Eguibar, Introduction to Quantum Optics (Rinton Press 2011).
• M. O. Scully and M. S. ZubairyQuantum Optics (Cambridge 1997)
• W. P. SchleichQuantum Optics in Phase Space (Wiley 2001)
• Kira, M.; Koch, S. W. (2011). Semiconductor Quantum Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521875097.
• F. J. Duarte (2014). Quantum Optics for Engineers. New York: CRC. ISBN978-1439888537.

External links[edit]

• Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology, with content on quantum optics (particularly quantum noise in lasers), by Rüdiger Paschotta.
• Qwiki - A quantum physics wiki devoted to providing technical resources for practicing quantum physicists.
• Quantiki - a free-content WWW resource in quantum information science that anyone can edit.

Fox Quantum Optics Pdf